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<p>A <b>pulp mill</b> is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other <a href="Fibre_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre crop">plant fiber sources</a> into a thick <a href="Fiber_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber board">fiber board</a> which can be shipped to a <a href="Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> for further processing. <a href="Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">Pulp</a> can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical, or fully chemical methods (<a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft</a> and <a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite</a> processes).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished product may be either <a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a> or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements.

</p><p><a href="Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): <a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> <a href="Fibres" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibres">fibres</a> (desired for <a href="Paper" title="Paper">papermaking</a>), <a href="Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> (a three-dimensional polymer that binds the <a href="Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> fibres together) and <a href="Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicelluloses</a>, (shorter branched <a href="Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> polymers). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fiber source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibers.

</p><p>Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules that can be washed away from the cellulose fibers without depolymerizing the cellulose fibers (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibers). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical (RMP) pulping, physically tear the cellulose fibers one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibers. Strength is impaired because the fibers may be cut. Related hybrid pulping methods use a combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibers. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping (TMP) and Chemi-thermomechanical pulping (CTMP). The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce the amount of strength loss suffered by the fibers.

</p><p>The earliest known methods for preparing pulp for paper making were water-powered, in 8th-century <a href="Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Much of the information about the technology in following subsections is from the book by C.J. Biermann.<sup id="cite_ref-bier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemistry of the various pulping processes can be found in Sjöström's book.<sup id="cite_ref-eero_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eero-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_of_fibre_source">Preparation of fibre source</h3></div>

<p>The most common fiber source for pulp mills is <a href="Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a>. Other common sources are <a href="Bagasse" title="Bagasse">bagasse</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fibre crops. The first step in all mills using wood (trees) as the fiber source is to remove the <a href="Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>. Bark contains relatively few usable fibers and darkens the pulp. The removed bark is burned, along with other unusable plant material, to generate <a href="Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> to run the mill. Almost all wood is then <a href="Woodchipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodchipping">chipped</a> before being processed further in order to free the fibers.

</p><p>Removal of the bark is done in a <i>barker</i> (or <i>debarker</i>). The bark adhesion is about 3–5 kg/cm<sup>2</sup> in the growing season (summer) and 2-3 times higher in the dormant season (winter). The bark of frozen logs is even more difficult to remove.

</p><p>In chemical pulp mills, the bark introduces unwanted contaminants such as <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, and <a href="Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> that cause <a href="Fouling" title="Fouling">scaling</a> and give an extra loading for the chemical recovery system. Birchbark contains <a href="Betulin" title="Betulin">betulin</a>, a <a href="Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoid</a> that easily creates deposits in a pulp mill.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_pulp_mills">Mechanical pulp mills</h3></div>

<p>The earliest mills used sandstone grinding rollers to break up small wood logs called "bolts", but the use of natural stone ended in the 1940s with the introduction of manufactured stones with embedded <a href="Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">silicon carbide</a> or <a href="Aluminum_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum oxide">aluminum oxide</a>. The pulp made by this process is known as "stone groundwood" pulp (SGW). If the wood is ground in a pressurized, sealed grinder the pulp is classified as "pressure groundwood" (PGW) pulp. Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If the chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called "refiner mechanical" pulp (RMP), if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called "thermomechanical" pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibers. Mechanical pulp mills use large amounts of energy, mostly electricity to power motors which turn the grinders. A rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10,000 mega<a href="Joule" title="Joule">joules</a> (MJ) per <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> of pulp (2,750 <a href="KWh" class="mw-redirect" title="KWh">kWh</a> per <a href="Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a>)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_pulp_mills">Chemical pulp mills</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a>, <a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a>, and <a href="Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></div>

<p>Chemical pulping processes such as the <a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft</a> (or sulfate) process and the <a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a> remove much of the hemicelluloses and lignin. The kraft process does less damage to the cellulose fibers than the <a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a>, thereby producing stronger fibers, but the sulfite process makes pulp that is easier to bleach. The chemical pulping processes use a combination of high temperature and alkaline (kraft) or acidic (sulfite) chemicals to break the chemical bonds of the lignin. However, atmospheric pollution and contaminants in wastewater effluent in the kraft pulping process has been widely documented<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The material fed into the digester must be small enough to allow the pulping liquor to penetrate the pieces completely. In the case of wood, the logs are chipped and the chips screened to ensure that the feed to the digester is of a uniform size. Oversized chips are either used as fuel or run through the chipper again, while sawdust may be burned or collected for sale. The screened chips or cut plant material (<a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="Kenaf" title="Kenaf">kenaf</a>, etc.) goes to the <a href="Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">digester</a> where it is mixed with an aqueous solution of the pulping chemicals, then heated with steam. In the kraft process the pulping chemicals are <a href="Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a> and <a href="Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">sodium sulfide</a> and the solution is known as white liquor. In the sulfite process the pulping chemical is a mixture of metal (sodium, magnesium, potassium, or calcium) and <a href="Ammonium_sulfite" title="Ammonium sulfite">ammonium sulfite</a> or sulfite.

</p><p>After several hours in the digester, the chips or cut plant material breaks down into a thick porridge-like consistency and is "blown" or squeezed from the outlet of the digester through an airlock. The sudden change in pressure results in a rapid expansion of the fibers, separating the fibers even more. The resulting fiber suspension in water solution is called "brown stock".

</p><p>Brown stock washers, using <a href="Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent</a> flow, remove the spent cooking chemicals and degraded lignin and hemicellulose. The extracted liquid, known as <a href="Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black liquor</a> in the kraft process, and red or brown liquor in the sulfite processes, is concentrated, burned and the sodium and sulfur compounds recycled in the recovery process. <a href="Lignosulphonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Lignosulphonates">Lignosulphonates</a> is a useful byproduct recovered from the spent liquor in the sulfite process.<sup id="cite_ref-ligno_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ligno-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clean pulp (stock) can be <a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleached</a> in the bleach plant or left unbleached, depending on the end-use. The stock is sprayed onto the pulp machine wire, water drains off, more water is removed by pressing the sheet of fibers, and the sheet is then dried. At this point the sheets of pulp are several millimeters thick and have a coarse surface: it is not yet paper. The dried pulp is cut, stacked, bailed and shipped to another facility for whatever further process is needed.

</p><p>Bleached kraft pulp and bleached sulfite pulp are used to make high quality, white printing paper. One of the most visible uses for unbleached kraft pulp is to make brown paper shopping bags and wrapping paper where strength is particularly important. A special grade of bleached sulfite pulp, known as dissolving pulp, is used to make cellulose derivatives such as <a href="Methylcellulose" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylcellulose">methylcellulose</a> which are used in a wide range of everyday products from <a href="Laxatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxatives">laxatives</a> to <a href="Baked_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked goods">baked goods</a> to <a href="Wallpaper_paste" title="Wallpaper paste">wallpaper paste</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemi-mechanical_pulp_mills">Chemi-mechanical pulp mills</h3></div>

<p>Some mills pretreat wood chips or other plant material like straw with <a href="Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>, <a href="Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, <a href="Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">sodium sulfite</a>, and other chemical prior to refining with equipment similar to a mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH) than in a chemical pulping process, since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as Chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP). Sometimes a CTMP mill is located on the same site as a kraft mill so that the effluent from the CTMP mill can be treated in the kraft recovery process to regenerate the inorganic pulping chemicals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scheduling">Scheduling</h2></div>

<p>The pulping process involves many production stages, usually coupled with intermediate storage tanks. As each stage has a different reliability and bottlenecks may vary from day to day, scheduling a pulp mill needs to take into account these bottlenecks and the probability of a disturbance or breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnarsson2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnarsson2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each stage also may have different decision variables, such as steam / water / chemical input, etc. Finally, scheduling needs to consider fuel optimization and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, because part of the energy requirements may be met from fossil-fuel boilers.<sup id="cite_ref-Klugman2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klugman2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall aim is to maximize production at minimum cost.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_of_construction">Materials of construction</h2></div>

<p><a href="Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steels</a> is used extensively in the <a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper industry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tuthill_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuthill-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for two primary reasons, to avoid iron contamination of the product and their corrosion resistance to the various chemicals used in the papermaking process.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuthill_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuthill-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A wide range of stainless steels are used throughout the pulp making process. For example, duplex stainless steels are being used in <a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">digesters</a> to convert wood chips into wood pulp and 6% Mo super austenitic stainless steels are used in the <a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleach plant</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguay_River_pulp_mill_dispute" title="Uruguay River pulp mill dispute">Uruguay River pulp mill dispute</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFQuanzWalkerOakesWillis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Quanz, Meaghan E.; Walker, Tony R.; Oakes, Ken; Willis, Rob (2021-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11273-020-09779-0">"Contaminant characterization in wetland media surrounding a pulp mill industrial effluent treatment facility"</a>. <i>Wetlands Ecology and Management</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>229. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021WetEM..29..209Q">2021WetEM..29..209Q</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11273-020-09779-0">10.1007/s11273-020-09779-0</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9834">1572-9834</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation cs2">Lucas, Adam (2006), <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>, <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, pp. 65 & 84, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-14649-5</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bier_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBiermann1993" class="citation book cs1">Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofpulp0000bier"><i>Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking</i></a></span>. San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-097360-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-eero-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eero_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEero_Sjöström1993" class="citation book cs1">Eero Sjöström (1993). <i>Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications</i>. San Diego: <a href="Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-12-647481-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRaineyCovey2016" class="citation book cs1">Rainey, Thomas; Covey, Geoff (16 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORDRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA259"><i>Sugarcane-based Biofuels and Bioproducts: Pulp and Paper Production from Sugarcane Bagasse</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 259. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1118719916</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanGuernseyWalkerKim2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Emma; Guernsey, Judith R.; Walker, Tony R.; Kim, Jong Sung; Sherren, Kate; Andreou, Pantelis (2017-09-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9719-5">"Pilot study investigating ambient air toxics emissions near a Canadian kraft pulp and paper facility in Pictou County, Nova Scotia"</a></span>. <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research</i>. <b>24</b> (25): <span class="nowrap">20685–</span>20698. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ESPR...2420685H">2017ESPR...2420685H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-9719-5">10.1007/s11356-017-9719-5</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712086">28712086</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanLyonsBoxallRobertson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Emma; Lyons, James; Boxall, James; Robertson, Cam; Lake, Craig B.; Walker, Tony R. (2017-05-06). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5952-0">"Spatiotemporal assessment (quarter century) of pulp mill metal(loid) contaminated sediment to inform remediation decisions"</a></span>. <i>Environmental Monitoring and Assessment</i>. <b>189</b> (6): 257. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EMnAs.189..257H">2017EMnAs.189..257H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10661-017-5952-0">10.1007/s10661-017-5952-0</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959">1573-2959</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478542">28478542</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanAlimohammadiLyonsDavis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Emma; Alimohammadi, Masi; Lyons, James; Davis, Emily; Walker, Tony R.; Lake, Craig B. (2019-08-23). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7763-y">"Characterization and spatial distribution of organic-contaminated sediment derived from historical industrial effluents"</a></span>. <i>Environmental Monitoring and Assessment</i>. <b>191</b> (9): 590. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EMnAs.191..590H">2019EMnAs.191..590H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10661-019-7763-y">10.1007/s10661-019-7763-y</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2959">1573-2959</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31444645">31444645</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ligno-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ligno_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009004745/http://www.lignin.org/whatis.html">"Uses of lignosulphonates"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lignin.org/whatis.html">the original</a> on 2007-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gunnarsson2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunnarsson2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnarsson, H., Rönnqvist, M. (2008). <i>Solving a multi-period supply chain problem for a pulp company using heuristics - an application to Södra Cell ab</i>. International Journal of Production Economics 116 (1): 75-94</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Klugman2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klugman2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klugman, S., Karlsson, M., Moshfegh, B. (2009). <i>A Swedish integrated pulp and paper mill energy optimization and local heat cooperation</i>. Energy Policy 37 (7): 2514-2524</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Tuthill-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuthill_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuthill_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFA._H._Tuthill2002" class="citation web cs1">A. H. Tuthill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116135348/https://nickelinstitute.org/TechnicalLibrary/Reference%20Book%20Series/11025_StainlessSteelsandSpecialtyAlloysforModernPulpandPaperMills.aspx">"Stainless Steels and Specialty Alloys for Modern Pulp and Paper Mills"</a>. <i>Nickel Institute</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nickelinstitute.org/TechnicalLibrary/Reference%20Book%20Series/11025_StainlessSteelsandSpecialtyAlloysforModernPulpandPaperMills.aspx">the original</a> on 2018-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706192109/http://pulpandpapercircle.com/">Pulp and Paper Circle provides industry-related information (especially Kraft Mills) to pulp and paper engineers and technologists.</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911072733/http://www.unionmillwright.com:80/paper4.html">Pulp and Paper terminology</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Paper401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li>

<li><a href="Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timothy_Barrett_(papermaker)" title="Timothy Barrett (papermaker)">Timothy Barrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li>

<li><a href="Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li>

<li><a href="Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li>

<li><a href="India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li>

<li><a href="Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br>and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li>

<li><a href="Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li>

<li><a href="Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Papermaking#Manual" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li>

<li><a href="Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li>

<li><a href="Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li>

<li><a href="Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Pulp_mill&oldid=1292052465">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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